History of land revenue administration

In the 5th, the Diwani of Bengal was handed over to the East India Company. European officials did not have much idea of ​​land issues, and land administration seemed complicated to them. Mr. Verlost recruited some of Europe's officials to collect revenue. In different parts of the country, they were appointed to replace the officials of the country in the administration of the land. In 6, a council was formed with the authority of the higher authorities, whose headquarters were in Murshidabad and Patna. The officials were instructed to give a detailed account of the cultivating power of the land and its nature. Farmers were also asked for their requisition and the infectious report was directed to be submitted to the judiciary. The report reveals that the domestic government is in chaos and people are being subjected to extreme exploitation. Seven years after the land administration took over from the civil company, the company was unable to remove the problem. A revenue board was set up in Kolkata. Officers have been appointed as collectors. A local diwan was also appointed with each collector. European officials were withdrawn from the administration of the land in 9 and reinstated in the service of the country's agents. Within 5 years, the officers of Europe were replaced as collectors. At first Jessore was appointed to the office of Collector, Civil Judge and Magistrate.

Like other districts of Bengal, land was settled in Jessore in the year 42. Mr. The arrangement was made according to an officer named Lane. Mr. Lane was appointed to report on the zamindars state. No further action was taken. He set some policies in light of the Collector's arrangements every year. Then he calculated a draft. According to him, the zamindari system would be abolished if it was not a friendly settlement. A similar decision is taken in the case of the rest of the collapse. Landlords who are defaulters are sent to jail. Selling the states for nomination was a convenient tactic. On one occasion, the senior authorities thought to take the Mughal period. When the zamindar of Sultanpur defaulted on non-payment of taxes, it was signed with his state Kashinath on condition that he would be nominated and pay revenue in the future. Trusted data made it difficult to determine the annual revenue. There was a great burden of taxation on the landlords. Many became indebted. Mr. Henkel then reported that it would not be possible to earn more than the taxes the landlords were paying. Mr Rocky reckons that after 12 years, revenue collection has not improved. Landlords used to force subjects to pay taxes. Again, the cultivation of landlords has been much less than that of the 12, due to the decline of the state. In view of this, Sir James Westland said: "The landlords were disappointed. They were worried about the future. So they wanted to take advantage of the subjects as best they could. The subjects are not going to cultivate the land because they knew all the benefits would be taken by the landlords. Due to the growing demand for collectors, landlords could not make any improvements to their state. This disparity between collectors, landlords and subjects creates an obstacle for the annual settlement and paves the way for improvement. "

Based on the results obtained after the examination of the land administration, there is a case study where there is a presentation on Muhammad Shahi Zamindari. The state was renamed in 122. Mr. Lane made it to that state. The state was divided into two parts - four-fifths and one-fifth, four-fifths were handed over to Pran Bose's firm when the entrepreneur failed to name the state. He enrolled himself or his son in the 5th or 5th. Pran Bose wanted to tax a part of the state. He did not agree to pay the government fixed taxes. Landlords were obliged to pay the subjects extra money. So many peoples increased the cultivation of land, and some fled. Additional taxes were also levied on the talukdars. Many of them were removed from their divorces. Many fled again for fear of paying taxes. As a result, many lands were left undisturbed.

The government then took a share of the zamindar's losses and levied less tax. Where the tax was levied at Rs. In the year 1, it was fixed at 2,2,222 rupees. Even this reduced tax seemed so high to them that they lost their name two years later. In 8, he was ousted and the whole state was divided into several parts. The action tax is fixed for each part. Even that tax was not collected and the landlords were convicted and expelled from the state. In the year 1, the government declared ten year land settlement. Makes Henkel successful. This settlement was far more advanced than the old settlement. The exact amount of wealth is calculated on each name distribution. Landlords hold tax-free land and the government hands it over to them. Then a permanent taxation policy was introduced. The zamindars, with subjects, renewed their focus on farming. The subjects started to work with interest because the people paid their own living tax. Earlier, it was not determined how much the people would pay the zamindars. The Collector now fixed the tax amount - how much the zamindars will pay to the government and how much the people will pay the zamindars. Another notable change is noticed by the landlords who depend on the landlords. The locksmiths paid their rent through landlord. There were two types of divorces. Patan taluk and khurdi taluk. Pataan and khuda talukdars were governed mainly by landlords. They lived in small parts of the state and paid some rent a year. The government later decided that the talukdars would give the rent directly to the government rather than to the zamindars. Another change is the tax on the hats and markets. In view of this situation, the collector's calculations were acceptable to everyone. But the board did make estimates on larger states. The zamindars could not accept the decisions taken on the treasury of the big states. The zamindars debated with the government over the conditions but eventually accepted the government's decision. Eventually most landlord families lost their estate. It was difficult to quantify because the subjects were powerful then. If a people failed to pay the rent, they would be sued in court. During this period, the people did not take many advantages. The collector realized that collecting rent from the subjects was a complex and difficult task. On January 5, the Collector informed his superiors that the subjects did not pay the rent properly and did not obey his orders. The collector sought the authority to imprison the jails against the subjects without getting any good results. Due to the homogeneity of the subjects, the old zamindari system collapsed. Therefore, many zamindars lost their land due to non-payment of taxes before the permanent settlement.

The report was taken from the collectors. In 3, the Collector reported that at least 1 state had outstanding taxes. All the zamindars who lost the zamindari were big landowners. King Srikammati Roy of Yusufpur lost his kingdom one after another. Within three years of the permanent settlement, the Noldanga family lost their property. Of the total zamindars, only two zamindars survived - one was Saidpur Trust and the other was Sultanpur Trust State. The government had to review the matter in order to get rid of the situation, including misery. Then, as a solution, Regulation No 1 was adopted. As a result, the previous zamindars could not be returned to the state; But the stability of those who bought the new state was guaranteed. The landlords could not do anything good for their state due to the loans. Most of those who bought new states were traded in Calcutta. Radhamohan Banerjee bought Muhammadshahi. He was called the "Best Manager" for his talent and concentration on the work of the middle of the year. He used to be good with subjects. In 32, the Collector emphasized the cultivation of the land. In 7, he arranged for the cultivation of farming by restoring the reclaimed land. The most noteworthy event in the revenue sector of this district is the imposition of rent on non-rented land. Before 12, landlords used to enjoy many lands without rent. About one hundred and sixteen thousand acres of land in the district was free of rent. The landlords did not have the power to pay the rent even though the government had promised to pay the rent. The collector tried to retrieve the transferred land but failed because the papers were not ready. During the Permanent Settlement, the government tried to segregate government-subsidized government grants. Government grants are again of two types: king and dictator. The monarch gave donations and the decree was given by his subordinates. Regulation No. XXVII of the King speaks of royal grants, and of the other provisions of the XIX Regulation. The king's aided lands were valid if they continued in the descent. The decree grant was invalid. However, it was legalized before 9am. In the light of Regulation XIX, rent-free grants were declared invalid by the zamindar in 1.

The Board did not take a realistic attempt to amend these regulations. However, registration was made for Lakhraj grant in 5 years. But when this system failed, in the light of the Regulation OO, its power shifted from the Civil Court to the Revenue Court. Under his supervision, many state rent payments were included between 3 and 5 years. The owners of those states were called landlords or talukdars. Others were called landlords. States are divided into several parts. If they could buy money with the government, they could own different parts. Each part is called taluk. Its owners, like the zamindars, started to get opportunities. As a result, the states became independent. In the district, 5 houses were dispersed in different places and the rent of these settlements was collected under Mughal rule. They were separated by the Ganges and the Brahmaputra river. The Mughal rule was used to protect the Arakan king from pirates. Separated parts of each major state were sold separately, and each person who purchased it became the owner of the purchasing taluk.

At the time of the permanent settlement, there were only 122 districts in the district under the government. Within ten years, almost all states are subject to nomination. For example, in 1, the Yusufpur pargana was under Raja Srikametam, which was sold to different proprietors in three years, divided into 3 large and 4 smaller states. In the 12th, Muhammad Shahi was divided into 3 states and Bhushan in 4 separate states. Similarly, the 122 states of Jessore were divided and transformed into 5 small zamindars. During the reclamation of Jessore area, the zamindars were transferred to other districts at different times. In Jessore, there were 5 major and 2,220 small states. In the 1-3, that number dropped to 2,5. Later, the number of taxpayer states rose to 2,5. Regarding the nature of the larger states, Sir James Wasteland writes in his Report on Jessore: “After the permanent settlement, the small zamindars and the small zamindars occupied the place of the big zamindars and the big zamindars. Landlords of small size have become the owners of a large state by purchasing various zamindars, dispersing their influence over others. These zamindars are different from the old zamindari because zamindars have been converted into different states in different ways at different times. These zamindars openly exercised their powers and occupied many properties. The property they occupied was leased to others by leasing. The Gati, Jot and Patni talukas are mentioned. With the first two, Sir James Westland said: The lower classes want to make a profit from the common people. The subjects cultivate their own land. But never claimed ownership of that land. The land he cultivated was called 'Jamo'. Outside of that class of subjects, there was another group who did not cultivate their own land. Meet the servant. The people of this class lived in Narail and Magura and were called Jotdars. Those who lived in the western part of the district were called 'Gatidars'. The 'Jotdars' were living in different parts of Nalandi. Most of their people were fluent. Their rent was less than they had imagined.

According to Sir James Westland, some landlords continued to occupy power during the land reclamation. He cites the example of Bhushan of the 5th. Each plowed land was covered in turmoil, with each plowing land resumed, and the tillers began to repossess it. At the end of the eighteenth century, the Naldi and Tehati zoos were completely restored. Whether or not the source of the occupation was called 'Gathi', the land was leased to the farmers individually. As a result, there is a connection between the bales and the farmers. Some areas are still considered to be the peasant class of Gathidar. There was a communication between Gathidar and the farmers that Mr. Henkel mentioned in one of his letters.

He said that the people paid their rent either to the Gatidars or to the farmers. It was the custom of the time, the present system does not have any imperfection. When the king of Chachra was in danger in 9, he invented Yusufpur State. Origin of Patni taluka by the Maharaja of Burdwan. During the permanent settlement, the rent for the state is much higher. In order to determine the rent, a certain amount of money was given to middle-income people. This entire possession is called Patni taluka. The issue of possession of property was brought under certain rules. This was also applicable to landlords. In the light of the law for the sale of the patentee of Resolution VIII of the year 4, all such property was sold. This was done on the basis of the demand for payment of rent to the landlords. There were many pattani in almost every place in Jessore. In Naldi there were only 3 pattani in the year. After the grant of a permanent lease, the number increased from 227 to 5,8. Pattani became very popular with the zamindars at that time.

According to Article 5 of the Republic Act in Bengal, if the landowners of Jessore failed to prove that the rent of the land had not been changed within twenty years (that is, to be permanently fixed), then the occupied houses of the people would be permanently redistributed. As a result, those who were not involved with farming were stripped of their possession and the land was given to the lower classes. All these brokers took away the rights of the people and earned high rent from the real farmers. Two-thirds of the grain produced had to be paid to brokers. The lower class people used to harvest without paying cash. If the crop was harvested, it would have paid half of the produce. And if cash was paid, it would have paid 2 times more than the occupied people. In Jessore, there was a kind of exceptional land-settlement known as 'Ulandalandi'. Its relation to land farming. The Collector is describing it in the following way: - "There was some 'Ulalandi' type-occupied land in this district. They are largely fallow uninhabited lands. Most of the time the land was under water, and the subjects cultivated special contracts. The people agreed to pay a certain amount of rent for these lands. Landlords could not increase the result of rent. The subjects had a certain amount of land but could not claim ownership of it. The subjects did not have to suffer because they used to earn regular rent. Landlords did not pay rent from non-agricultural land. The subjects started cultivating the land slowly and the yield was measured after the yield of the fruits. The rent would have been determined with their consent